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| President Obama 2016 US Presidential Elections (Race to the White House) 2012/2016 Comparing Polls on the Eve of the Election |
US Election Results
Donald Trump won the presidency
Donald Trump/Republican
Party
48% (58,348,823)
Hillary Clinton/Democratic Party
47% (58,017,957)
Gary Johnson /Libertarian Party
3% (3,936,116)
Jill Stein/Green Party
1% (1,154,689)
Other candidates
(769,248)
Insights
Clinton
won more countries where at least 45% of the population was black (Clinton =
85%/Trump=15%)
Donald
Trump won Pennsylvania, which Mitt Romney lost in 2012
Trump
won more countries where less than 10% of adults had bachelor’s degree. (Clinton
= 19%/Trump=80.9%)
Donald Trump won
Iowa, which Mitt Romney lost in 2012
Donald Trump won
Florida, which Mitt Romney lost in 2-12
Donald Trump won Ohio,
which Mitt Romney lost in 2-12
Foreign
policy
Taxes
Gay
marriage
Health
care
Economy
and jobs
Civil
Liberties
Crime
and safety
Environment
Education
Budget
and spending
National
security
Medicare
and Social Security
Veterans
Energy
American politics
A polarised United States has gone to the polls to picks its 45th president, choosing between Hillary Clinton - who would be the nation's first female commander-in-chief- or Donald Trump, a billionaire businessman who could become the first non-public servant to rise to the post. It has been a long and bitter campaign and whoever wins will have a huge job healing a fractured nation.
By the Star Online.
Winner Must Help heal Political Wound
Next president needs to unite a country much divided by race, gender and education..
By Kathleen Hennessay, AP
After the Election, How Can American Heals Its Political Divide?
As election results near, syndicated columnist Mark Shields, New York Times columnist David Brooks, Amy Walter of the Cook Political Report, Democratic strategist Cornell Belcher, Republican strategist Stuart Stevens and Andra Gillespie of Emory University join Judy Woodruff and Hari Sreenivasan to discuss the where a long election fight has left the nation.
Donald Trump has defeated Hillary Clinton
In one of the most shocking U.S. elections in modern political history, Donald Trump has defeated Hillary Clinton.
Energy
American politics
A polarised United States has gone to the polls to picks its 45th president, choosing between Hillary Clinton - who would be the nation's first female commander-in-chief- or Donald Trump, a billionaire businessman who could become the first non-public servant to rise to the post. It has been a long and bitter campaign and whoever wins will have a huge job healing a fractured nation.
By the Star Online.
Winner Must Help heal Political Wound
Next president needs to unite a country much divided by race, gender and education..
By Kathleen Hennessay, AP
After the Election, How Can American Heals Its Political Divide?
As election results near, syndicated columnist Mark Shields, New York Times columnist David Brooks, Amy Walter of the Cook Political Report, Democratic strategist Cornell Belcher, Republican strategist Stuart Stevens and Andra Gillespie of Emory University join Judy Woodruff and Hari Sreenivasan to discuss the where a long election fight has left the nation.
Donald Trump has defeated Hillary Clinton
In one of the most shocking U.S. elections in modern political history, Donald Trump has defeated Hillary Clinton.
In one of the most shocking U.S.
elections in modern political history, Donald Trump has defeated Hillary Clinton.
“I pledge to every citizen of our
land that I will be president for all Americans,” Trump said in his victory
speech after the Associated Press called the race for him at 2:30 am Wednesday
morning. Striking a conciliatory tone, Trump continued, “For those who have
chosen not to support me in the past, of which there were a few people, I’m
reaching out to you for your guidance and your help so we can work together and
unify our great country.”
He also said Hillary Clinton had
called him to concede the race. “Hillary has worked very long and very hard
over a long period of time, and we owe her a major debt of gratitude for her
service to our country,” he said. “I mean that very sincerely.”
Trump’s upset was one he had been
predicting for months, gleefully comparing himself to the Brexit
vote in England. Yet it was one that almost no other major
predictors foresaw, all giving Clinton various degrees of
comfortable leads in their election day predictions.
“It was Donald Trump versus almost
all the experts … it looks like Donald Trump was right,” Jake Tapper said on
CNN at 10:40 pm on election night (before major battleground states had been
called).
Trump, a reality television star and
political neophyte, upended every rule in the book to clinch his victory. He
bested 15 other candidates in the Republican primary, most of whom were
governors and senators. “One of [Donald] Trump’s real sources of strength is
not just that he took the fight to the elites in
an abstract way, but that he was the one guy on a stage of 16 candidates who
really seemed culturally disconnected from the other candidates,” J.D. Vance,
author of Hillbilly Elegy, told TIME before
the general election.
In the general election, Trump didn’t
run his campaign in any sort of traditional way. He was outspent in
campaign ads by Clinton by 3 to 1, and he had a small,
disorganized ground game up against the Clinton election machine. TIME wrote two separate
cover stories about the meltdowns and disarray inside the Trump
campaign. Not to mention the candidate’s freewheeling, bombastic speaking style
and penchant for engaging in Twitter fights with Gold Star
families and former beauty
pageant contestants.
But throughout his campaign, Trump
openly flouted convention and touted his success in tapping into a populist
vein in the country that no other candidates had been able to effectively
access. “This is a movement,” Trump would tell his followers who showed up by
the tens of thousands to see him speak. Many supported him from their anger and
their sense that the country needs a big change, that the way government works
is broken. In the final days of his campaign Trump began using the the slogan
“drain the swamp” to talk about the nation’s capitol, which he said crowds
loved.
Trump’s victory exposed real
divisions and new fault lines in the American populace, as he was on track to
win huge majorities of non-college educated whites, while winning less of
college-educated whites, who are normally reliably Republican. The fight
between the first female major party candidate and the man accused of sexually
assaulting women also turned into a referendum on
gender; “what women can be, and what men can get away with,” as TIME
put it in the cover story the week before the election.
“There’s going to be a schism of some
sort,” former Republican Gov. Bill Weld, who ran as the vice presidential
candidate on the Libertarian ticket this election, told TIME before the
election.
As president, Trump has promised he
will build a wall along the border with Mexico, suspend the Syrian refugee
resettlement program, repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act and
renegotiate NAFTA. His election, coupled with Republican control of Congress, will
also likely put a new conservative Supreme Court justice in the seat vacated by
the late Justice Antonin Scalia.
Conventional wisdom said everything
from demographics to campaign infrastructure would keep Donald Trump from ever
reaching the White House and making good on these goals. But Trump told his
followers not to believe
the polls showing him down and promised the pundits that there
were secret Trump voters out there. “100%” his campaign manager Kellyanne
Conway tweeted early Wednesday morning before the election was
called, in response to a Washington Post writer tweeting,
“There was a silent Trump vote. A big one.”
It turns out Trump was right.
It turns out Trump was right.
By Diana Furchtgottroth, Columnist
Many people say Donald
Trump is a different kind of Republican. Yes, he is unusual in that he isn't a
politician by trade and eschews politicians’ doublespeak. But most of his
political positions are right down the traditional Republican line.
As well as proposing
lower taxes and regulatory reform, the Republican presidential candidate to
become America’s 45th president is in favor of school choice, energy
development, repealing Obamacare, more legal immigration and enforcing trade
agreements.
Results in some states have yet to
be finalized, but Trump appears on the road to victory after taking
a number of battleground states. He swept across America because his policies
would improve the American economy and America’s standing in the world.
Further, Trump acknowledges the dangers posed by radical Islam, and would
strengthen the U.S. military. He would lower taxes and reduce costly
regulations. In contrast, Hillary Clinton said she wanted to raise taxes and
impose more regulations, and keep the borders open.
Further, Trump took on
the culture of political correctness—the trigger warnings, the safe spaces, the
things that people weren't supposed to say. For people who feel constrained by
the new speech codes, where even wearing a sombrero on Halloween is deemed to
be insensitive, Trump is a breath of fresh air.
After eight years of President Obama, the U.S. has a growth rate of its gross domestic product that is a little over 1%. The labor-force participation rate, the share of Americans who are either employed or looking for work, is at 1978 levels. Laws and regulations are discouraging investment and job creation...
Read more/in the news...After eight years of President Obama, the U.S. has a growth rate of its gross domestic product that is a little over 1%. The labor-force participation rate, the share of Americans who are either employed or looking for work, is at 1978 levels. Laws and regulations are discouraging investment and job creation...
TIME-3 hours ago
Chelsea Matiash—TIME Republican
President-elect Donald Trump delivers his acceptance speech
during his Election Night event at the New ...
In-Depth-NPR-2 hours
ago
Election Results
2016: Watch Donald Trump's Election Party Live ...
Live Updating-Us Weekly-5 hours ago
Live Updating-Us Weekly-5 hours ago
Aljazeera.com-2 hours ago
The Donald Trump you
first came across depends largely on the decade in which you spent your
formative years. If you were raised in the ...
2016 US Election Results
(All states)A hail of boos...
Donald Trump has been greeted with a hail of boos near his New York home as he cast his vote in an historic US election against Hillary Clinton...read more>
Why has this election dominated headlines? Democrat Hillary Clinton and Republican Donald Trump are regarded as some of the most unpopular presidential candidates in modern US history. Questions about their suitability as presidential candidates have dominated headlines.
Latest News...
Latest results
forecast as
race for President reaches final few hours...
US Economic Overview
EUR/USD Analysis (Tuesday/8 November 2016) - While market closely watching US election day where will consider Clinton win as strong Dollar while Trump win will consider weak Dollar.
Race to the White House
United States presidential Elections 2016EUR/USD Analysis (Tuesday/8 November 2016) - While market closely watching US election day where will consider Clinton win as strong Dollar while Trump win will consider weak Dollar.
Race to the White House
President Obama urged voters to reject
Donald Trump saying, half-seriously, "the fate of the Republic rests on
your shoulders. The fate of the world is teetering and you, North Carolina, are
gonna have to make sure that we push it in the right direction."
President Barack Obama Campaigns for Hillary Clinton
Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Watch Live: President Barack Obama
Campaign Rally For Hillary Clinton in Chapel Hill, North Carolina (11/2/2016) - President Obama Rally in Chapel Hill, NC Speech
Hello, North Carolina! (Applause.) Hello, Tar
Heels! (Applause.) Are you fired up? (Applause.) Are
you ready to go? (Applause.) It is good to be back in Chapel Hill.
I love me some North Carolina. (Applause.) I do. I said
this before. I love North Carolina. I love the state. I love
the people. I love the basketball. (Applause.) I mean, I --
you know, I always say that North Carolina, that's one place where even the
people who don’t vote for me are nice. (Laughter.) It's true. Just
good people. Just good people…
Hillary Clinton
Hillary Clinton's
DNC speech
Thank you! Thank you all
very much! Thank you for that amazing welcome.
Thank you all for the great convention that we’ve had.
And Chelsea, thank you. I'm so proud to be your mother and so
proud of the woman you've become. Thank you for bringing Marc into our
family, and Charlotte and Aidan into the world.
And Bill, that conversation we started in the law library 45
years ago, it is still going strong. You know that conversation has lasted
through good times that filled us with joy, and hard times that tested
us.
And I've even gotten a few words in along the way.
On Tuesday night, I was so happy to see that my
Explainer-in-Chief is still on the job. I'm also grateful to the rest of
my family and the friends of a lifetime. For all of you whose hard work
brought us here tonight. And to those of you who joined our campaign this week,
thank you. what a remarkable week it's been…
Watch Live: Hillary Clinton Rally in
Allendale, Michigan (11/7/2016) - Hillary Clinton Allendale Rally, Michigan
Speech - Hillary Clinton Campaign in Allendale MI
More videos…
Donald Trump
Donald Trump
Donald Trump - Republican National
Convention
Friends,
delegates and fellow Americans: I humbly and gratefully accept your nomination
for the presidency of the United States.
Together, we will
lead our party back to the White House, and we will lead our country back to
safety, prosperity, and peace. We will be a country of generosity and warmth.
But we will also be a country of law and order.
Our Convention
occurs at a moment of crisis for our nation. The attacks on our police, and the
terrorism in our cities, threaten our very way of life. Any politician who does
not grasp this danger is not fit to lead our country.
Americans
watching this address tonight have seen the recent images of violence in our
streets and the chaos in our communities. Many have witnessed this violence
personally, some have even been its victims.
I have a message
for all of you: the crime and violence that today afflicts our nation will soon
come to an end. Beginning on January 20th 2017, safety will be restored.
The most basic
duty of government is to defend the lives of its own citizens. Any government
that fails to do so is a government unworthy to lead.
It is finally
time for a straightforward assessment of the state of our nation.
I will present
the facts plainly and honestly. We cannot afford to be so politically correct
anymore.
So if you want to
hear the corporate spin, the carefully-crafted lies, and the media myths the
Democrats are holding their convention next week.
But here, at our
convention, there will be no lies. We will honor the American people with the
truth, and nothing else…
Donald Trump's Full Economic Speech
Donald Trump says he has a plan to boost the economy by 4%
while speaking at the Economic Club of New York.
Thank you for the invitation to speak
to you today. It’s wonderful to be in Detroit. We now begin a great national
conversation about economic renewal for America. It’s a conversation about how
to Make American Great Again for everyone, and especially those who have the
very least.
The City of Detroit Is Where Our Story
Begins. Detroit was once the economic envy of the world. The people of Detroit
helped power America to its position of global dominance in the 20th century.
When we were governed by an America
First policy, Detroit was booming. Engineers, builders, laborers, shippers and
countless others went to work each day, provided for their families, and lived
out the American Dream.
But for many living in this city, that
dream has long ago vanished. When we abandoned the policy of America First, we
started rebuilding other countries instead of our own. The skyscrapers went up
in Beijing, and in many other cities around the world, while the factories and
neighborhoods crumbled in Detroit.
Our roads and bridges fell into
disrepair, yet we found the money to resettle millions of refugees at taxpayer
expense.
Today, Detroit has a per capita income
of under $15,000 dollars, about half of the national average. 40 percent of the
city’s residents live in poverty, over two-and- half times the national
average. The unemployment rate is more than twice the national average. Half of
all Detroit residents do not work.
Detroit tops the list of Most Dangerous
Cities in terms of violent crime – these are the silenced victims whose stories
are never told by Hillary Clinton,
but victims whose suffering is no less real or permanent.
In short, the city of Detroit is the
living, breathing example of my opponent’s failed economic agenda. Every policy
that has failed this city, and so many others, is a policy supported by Hillary
Clinton.
She supports the high taxes and radical
regulation that forced jobs out of your community…and the crime policies that
have made you less safe…and the immigration policies that have strained local
budgets...and the trade deals like NAFTA, signed by her husband, that have
shipped your jobs to Mexico and other countries… and she supports the education
policies that deny your students choice, freedom and opportunity.
She is the candidate of the past. Ours
is the campaign of the future.
This is a city controlled by Democratic
politicians at every level, and unless we change policies, we will not change
results.
Today, I will outline my economic
vision. In the coming weeks, we will be offering more detail on all of these
policies, and the ones we have already rolled out can be viewed on my campaign
website.
Our opposition, on the other hand, has
long ago run out of ideas. All Hillary Clinton has to offer is more of the
same: more taxes, more regulations, more bureaucrats, more restrictions on
American energy and American production.
If you were a foreign power looking to
weaken America, you couldn’t do better than Hillary Clinton’s economic agenda.
Nothing would make our foreign
adversaries happier than for our country to tax and regulate our companies and
our jobs out of existence. The one common feature of every Hillary Clinton idea
is that it punishes you for working and doing business in the United States.
Every policy she has tilts the playing field towards other countries at our
expense.
That’s why she tries to distract us
with tired political rhetoric that seeks to label us, divide us, and pull us
apart.
My campaign is about reaching out to
everyone as Americans, and returning to a government that puts the American
people first…
Donald Trump's Full Immigration Speech
Wow. Thank you. That's a lot
of people, Phoenix, that's a lot of people.
Thank you very much.
Thank you, Phoenix. I am so glad to be back in Arizona.
The state that has a very, very special place in my heart. I
love people of Arizona and together we are going to win the White House in
November.
Now, you know this is where it all began for me. Remember that
massive crowd also. So, I said let's go and have some fun tonight. We're going
to Arizona, OK?
This will be a little bit different. This won't be a rally
speech, per se. Instead, I'm going to deliver a detailed policy address on one
of the greatest challenges facing our country today, illegal immigration.
I've just landed having returned from a very important and
special meeting with the President of Mexico, a man I like and respect very
much. And a man who truly loves his country, Mexico.
And, by the way, just like I am a man who loves my country, the
United States.
We agree on the importance of ending the illegal flow of drugs,
cash, guns, and people across our border, and to put the cartels out of
business.
We also discussed the great contributions of Mexican-American
citizens to our two countries, my love for the people of Mexico, and the
leadership and friendship between Mexico and the United States. It was a
thoughtful and substantive conversation and it will go on for awhile. And, in
the end we're all going to win. Both countries, we're all going to win…
Sunday, November 6, 2016: Live stream coverage of the Donald
J. Trump for President rally in Sterling Heights, MI at the Freedom Hill
Amphitheater.
More videos…
More videos…
Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton
Trump, Clinton and the arts...
American Democracy Hangs by a Thread
NST/Comment/November 7, 2016
Whoever wins the United States presidential election tomorrow, there is already a loser, well before a single early ballot was cast more than two weeks ago. The loser is the democratic process, which has been hijacked and transformed the most powerful nation on earth, with a proud democratic tradition, into a “Buffoon Republic”, which must have the Founding Fathers turning in their graves with embarrassment. The 45th president will either be Hillary Rodham Clinton, the former first lady, secretary of state and Democrat nominee, or Donald Trump, self-proclaimed billionaire, reality television host, confessed tax-dodger and Republican nominee...read more...The Next U.S. President Should Expect An Earnings Recovery
By Chris CiovaccoStock Markets/Nov 07, 2016
U.S. Earnings Improve
With the economically sensitive Australian dollar
(NYSE:FXA) and Brazil (NYSE:EWZ) showing signs of strength in 2016, there is hope for an earnings recovery in late 2016/early 2017.
From The Wall Street Journal:
From The Wall Street Journal:
This is the corporate landscape that will greet the next
president: improving profits buoyed by rising employment and business
spending—yet tempered by the elusiveness of a more resilient recovery. Earnings
for the biggest U.S. companies began to rebound in the third quarter, a glimmer
of growth after four straight quarters of contractions. But some executives are
already expressing caution about the coming year…read more>
Barack Hussein Obama II is an
American politician who is the 44th and current President of the United States.
He is the first African American to hold the office and the first president
born outside the continental United States. Wikipedia
Born: August 4, 1961 (age 55), Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children,
Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
Height: 6′ 1″
Education: Harvard Law
School (1988–1991), More
U.S. Presidential Election: Is Trump Or Clinton Better For Your ... For investors it's their worst enemy and with recent events this is no time to ...read more>
Donald John Trump is an American
businessman, television producer, and politician who is the Republican Party
nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election. Wikipedia
Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton is an American politician and the Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election. Wikipedia
Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton is an American politician and the Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election. Wikipedia
Read more...
Latest updated: 7 November 2016
US Presidential Election
By Kevin Liptak, CNN White House
Producer.
NEW YORK: U.S. Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton and
Republican candidate Donald Trump are in a tight race ahead of the ...read more
The time has come for voters to
decide what it truly means to be an American.
What will happen
if Trump becomes the President of the United States?
Michael Moore: If Elected, Donald Trump Would Be "Last President of the United States"
Michael Moore: If Elected, Donald Trump Would Be "Last President of the United States"
ABC Online - 7 hours ago
Bruce Wolpe predicts a Hillary Clinton victory in this week's US presidential election, and ...
The Indian Express - 2 days ago
Sydney Morning Herald - 15 hours ago
Economic Overview
Tue - 2016-11-08
Tue - 2016-11-08
Financial
market heading toward closely watching the US election day, where in general
Hilary Clinton win will consider as strong Dollar while Donald Trump will
consider weak Dollar.
US
election day and result may cause high liquidity with high risk volatility at
market movement.
EUR/USD (Analysis)
EURUSD managed to retreat below
1.1050 yesterday indicating more drop pressure over short-run where target
become toward 1.0935
Market facing 1.0995 as first support
level for intraday trading levels
While market closely watching US election day
where will consider Clinton win as strong Dollar while Trump win will consider
weak Dollar.
Above 1.1070 market may head for bonus advance where next resistance laying at 1.1130 zone where above this zone expect 1.1170-80
Above 1.1070 market may head for bonus advance where next resistance laying at 1.1130 zone where above this zone expect 1.1170-80
US Election and
FOREX Markets
Latest updated: 8 November 2016
Latest updated: 8 November 2016
There is little doubt that the US Presidential Election next week is
the global market's top ...
How To Trade The
U.S. Presidential Election
US elections: Latino early voting is massive - markets may like it
US elections: Latino early voting is massive - markets may like it
Dear
Trader,
The
United States of America is up and ready to make a decision that might change
the history and for sure, it will affect currencies and global markets. US
Election day is here and at FXStreet we want to offer you the best quality information for the
big day on real-time.
Find out more with our live coverage on US Elections:
Find out more with our live coverage on US Elections:
Tuesday, November 8th 11.30 GMT / 06.30 am EST
by Valeria Bednarik,
FXStreet Chief Analyst
Tuesday, November 8th 16.00 GMT / 11.00 am EST
by Joseph Trevisiani, Chief Market Strategist WorldWideMarkets
by Joseph Trevisiani, Chief Market Strategist WorldWideMarkets
FXStreet
will do a permanent coverage of the event and its consequences on currencies,
also after the vote.
Don't miss our post-election coverage!
Post-Election run-down show
Wednesday, November 9th 08.00 GMT / 03.00 am EST
by Yohay Elam, Analyst Forex Crunch
Wednesday, November 9th 08.00 GMT / 03.00 am EST
by Yohay Elam, Analyst Forex Crunch
How To Profit From The U.S.
Election Decision
Thursday, November 10th 13.00 GMT / 08.00 am EST
by Phil Carr, Professional Trader and Trainer The Gold & Silver Club
Thursday, November 10th 13.00 GMT / 08.00 am EST
by Phil Carr, Professional Trader and Trainer The Gold & Silver Club
Others/US Stocks...
The Guardian-Nov 2, 2016. See also KLCI.
Asian markets show jitters as US
polls narrow gap between Trump and Clinton ... amid signs investors were
becoming spooked by polls narrowing the gap ... Market anxiety
has deepened over a possible Trump victory given ...
CBC.ca-1 hour
ago/ World stock markets surged
into the green on Monday after the FBI announced newly discovered emails
related to Hillary Clinton, Democratic ...read more>
The Stock
Market Surged After the FBI Cleared Hillary Again. Tell Us ...
Blog-Slate Magazine (blog)-2 hours ago
Blog-Slate Magazine (blog)-2 hours ago
US Presidential Election 2016
Read More...
US election 2016 polls and odds tracker: Latest forecast in race for ...
7 hours ago - There are now only a few days left before America votes on its 45th President, with Hillary Clinton's polling lead over Donald Trump having ...
2016 Presidential Election Center – Results, Polls, Calendar - CNN.com
primaries + caucuses. Who won and why? States Won · States Won · primary results · The CNN Politics App · see who's winning and why ...
US Elections 2016, United States Presidential Election News ...
Find latest news, breaking news and updates on the United States presidential elections 2016 including US election news, videos and photos only on ...
US Election 2016 - BBC News
3 days ago - Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton addresses the Planned Parenthood Action Fund in ... From the section US Election 2016 ...
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Latest US elections 2016 news, comment and analysis from the Guardian, the world's ... For many voters, the 2016 US presidential election has become a ...
Presidential election, 2016 - Ballotpedia
Americans will elect the 45th president of the United States on November 8, 2016
Presidential candidates, 2016 - Ballotpedia
Presidential Elections-2016-badge.png · 2016 Presidential Election ... In order to get on the ballot, a candidate for president of the United States must meet a ...
There are
189 countries in the world, 140 of which have presidents as their-heads of
state. In a country ruled by a military dictator, the ruler usually takes the
title president.
About 124
of the world’s 140 presidents are executive presidents. They control the making
and direction of government policy in all their country’s political, economic,
social and diplomatic. The rest are non-executive presidents, who act as
official representatives of the country and carry out ceremonial duties.
A
president system of government consists of government consists of separate
legislative (law-making) and executive (administrative) branches. A president
heads the executive branch. The president is normally elected directly by the
people or, in some cases, by the legislative itself to a fixed term of office.
In theory, the powers and duties of the president are almost always set out in
a country’s constitution. In practice, these powers are more likely to be
determined by political rather than legal or constitutional issues.
There are
there alternatives to the presidential political executives to the presidential
political executive. In the parliamentary executive, the head of the
government, usually the leader of the majority party in the legislature, has a
clearly separate role from that of the head of state . in a communist
executive, the Communist Party leader or general secretary heads a ruling
central committee that runs the affairs of the country. In an absolute
executive, presidential-style government is carried out according to the
decrees (decisions) of a single individual, a family (as a monarchy), or a
military junta, or council.
The table
with this article lists each country that has a president together with the
type of presidency involved and information about the current president.
Type of presidential government
The
majority of the world’s population is subject to executive presidential
government. There are three types of presidency: (1) limited, (2) dual, and (3)
unlimited. The difference between one form of presidency and another results
mainly from the extent of the president’s authority in relation to other
members or sections of a country’s government.
Limited
presidency. Limited presidential government exists when a president is freely
elected by the people for a specified term of office. In a limited presidency,
a president’s power is counterbalanced by that of other political institutions,
such as a parliament or a country’s law courts and judges. The presidency and other
sections of the executive operate within the framework of the executive operate
within the framework of a constitution or legal code. A limited presidency is
usually found in liberal or democratic countries where there is a
well-developed multi-party system.
Of the 124
countries with executive presidents, 82 have a limited presidential system. The
United States has a limited presidential government. The whole population
elects the president to a four-year term. No one is allowed to serve more than
two presidential terms. The president is the country’s chief executive officer,
at the head of a federal civil service and of the nation’s armed services. The
president appoints an advisory cabinet of department secretaries and other
staff retained at the White House, the official presidential residence in
Washington, D.C. but the president’s
immerse power is severely limited by a dependence on the support of the U.S.
Congress (parliament) in passing laws and paying the expenses of the
administration (government). The U.S. Supreme Court, in its role as guardian of
the U.S. Constitution is another check on the president’s power.
The U.S.
style of presidential government provides, a model for such Latin America
states as Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Venezuela and also for the Philippines.
In nearly half of the countries with a limited presidential form of government,
the U.S. model has been altered by the fact that the president has appointed a
prime minister to head his cabinet (group of advisors). In such cases, the
president retains overall authority but concentrates on defence and foreign
affairs and on long-term policy planning. The prime minister handles day-to-day administration and domestic
affairs.
Electoral
systems. Most limited executive presidents are elected directly by the people.
In an election using a “first-past-the-post” system, the candidate with the
most votes in a single ballot wins the contest. The “absolute majority” system,
requires the winning candidate to obtain over half of the votes cast in a
single ballot, or in an initial vote followed by runoff ballot.
In the United States and some other countries,
the president is elected by an electoral college, a system for the indirect
election of a political candidate. Delegates to the college vote according to the wishes of the members they
represent U.S. political parties hold elections called primaries in order to
choose their candidate for president.
In about
60 percent of countries with a limited presidency, the president’s term of
office is five years. In about 22 percent of such countries, the presidential
term is fixed at four years and in about 16 percent it is six years. In nine
countries, including the United States, the number of presidential terms that
one person may serve is limited. Some countries place a lower limit on the age
at which a person may become president. In the Philippines, for example, that
age is 40 and in the United States it is 35.
Dual
presidency. A dual presidential form of
government combines elements of both a presidential and a parliamentary
executive system. Executive power or management of the country’s affairs is
shared between a president and parliamentary executive system. Executive power
or management of the country’s affairs is shared between president, who is
elected by the people, and prime minister, drawn from the party or coalition of
parties which commands majority support within the legislature. France’s Fifth
Republic has a dual executive.
France’s
dual executive dates from 1958. The present French Constitution, which sets out
the form of the presidency, was framed hastily within three months of General
Charles de Gaulle’s assumption of power during the political and military
crisis over Algeria. The constitution tried to combine elements of France’s two
political traditions: strong administrative leadership and democratic,
legislative accountability. However, it created instead a political system
halfway between a presidential and a parliamentary form of government.
The
president, elected for a renewable seven-year term, has considerable formal
power, including the honour of holding the titles of head of state and commander
in chief of the armed services, the right to dissolve the National Assembly
once a year, and the right to appoint the prime minister. The president may preside
over Cabinet and Defence Council meetings, countersign ordinances, and call
national referenda on key issues, usually concerning the Constitution. The appointed
prime minister, who must have majority support within the National Assembly
(France's parliament), has ultimate control over domestic policy-making.
It
was originally intended that the president should exercise his powers in a
detached, aloof manner. But the forceful personality of de Gaulle, who remained
president until 1969, changed the emphasis of executive control from
parliament to the president. Supported by a private advisory office based at
the president's official residence, the Elysee Palace, de Gaulle exerted firm
control over all policy areas in which he had an interest. He treated the
prime minister, drawn from his own political party, as a mere parliamentary
agent. This practice continued during the presidencies of Georges Pompidou
(1969-1974) and Valery Giscard d'Estaing (1974-1981), both conservatives, and
Franqois Mitterrand (1981-1995), a socialist.
The
Socialist Party lost its parliamentary majority during mid-term National
Assembly elections in 1986. Between March 1986 and May 1988, President
Mitterrand was forced to appoint the leader of the chief conservative
opposition party, Jacques Chirac, as prime minister.
This
period, when president and prime minister belonged to opposing political
parties, was known in French as cohabitation. The
prime minister claimed the executive powers granted to him by the Constitution.
He reduced the status and power of the president. A second cohabitation
administration, with Edouard Balladur of Chirac's party as prime minister, was
formed in March 1993.
France
provides a model for dual presidential systems in Afghanistan, Bulgaria,
Cambodia, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Sri
Lanka, Turkey, and Ukraine. When parliamentary and presidential elections take
place at the same time, there is usually no party political split in the
executive. But in countries such as France, where presidential and parliamentary
elections occur at different times, political conflicts between president and
legislature may occur. In Lebanon, in an attempt to preserve religious harmony,
the Constitution rules that the president must be a Maronite Christian and the
prime minister a Muslim.
Unlimited
presidency. Unlimited presidential government exists when a country has a
political chief executive whose authority is not subject to the checks and
balances provided by a parliament or judicial system. Unlimited presidential
government is not found in liberal or democratic countries. It is a feature of
authoritarian nationalist and nationalistic socialist countries. Such
countries are one-party states run by a strong, influential leader. The party's
objectives come second to national and presidential interests. Legislatures,
where they exist,
have
no political power and do no more than endorse the decisions of the president.
Most of the countries with unlimited presidencies have only recently
been independent from colonial rule. Many have tribal ethnic, or religious
differences within their borders and quire a strong leadership to enable all
social groups to come together into a single state. The majority of countries
with unlimited presidential governments are in Africa and the Middle East.
Several
unlimited executive presidents have reached their positions of power through a
military coup. One example, is Hafez al-Assad in Syria. Some of the states with
unlimited presidential executives have suffered recent wars and border
disputes—notably Iraq and Chad Others, such as Senegal, have long records of
political stability. In states such as Indonesia and Senegal, where opposition
groupings are formally tolerated and elections permitted, the governing
party's control of the media and state sector resources is so strong that there
is little possibility of political defeat.
Unlimited
presidents have no constitutionally set limits to their terms of office and
many hold on to office for much longer periods than their counterparts in
liberal democratic states. For example, Kenneth Kaunda led Zambia for 27 years
between 1964 and 1991, William Tubman was president of Liberia for an identical
term between 1944 and 1971, and General Ne Win led Burma (Myanmar) for 26 years
between 1962 and 1988. Felix Houphouet-Boigny was president of the Ivory Coast
from 1960 to 1994. Hastings Kamuzu Banda ruled Malawi from 1966 to 1994.
Gnassingbe Eyadema of Togo and T. N. J. Suharto of Indonesia have been
presidents of their respective countries since 1967.
Saddam
Hussein became president of Iraq in 1979. Hussein is head of state, head of the
government, and chairman of Iraq's Revolutionary Command Council. He is
considered an unpopular and aggressive ruler. Saddam Hussein led his country
through two punishing wars, against Iran, and a United Nations coalition. See
Iran and Persian Gulf War.
Nonexecutive presidents perform the same role of ceremonial leadership as do monarchs in states with parliamentary executives. Nonexecutive presidents provide symbolic and dignified leadership for their country, receive foreign heads of state and dignitaries, sign treaties, and award medals and honours to deserving citizens. They also review military parades and deliver unifying speeches on their country's National Day. However, unlike monarchs, they are not hereditary rulers and usually do not retain their presidential office for very long periods. Most nonexecutive presidents are elected indirectly, usually by the legislature. The nonexecutive president of the Republic of Ireland (Uachtaran na Eireann) is unusual in being elected by the people for a seven-year term that is renewable only once.
Nonexecutive presidents perform the same role of ceremonial leadership as do monarchs in states with parliamentary executives. Nonexecutive presidents provide symbolic and dignified leadership for their country, receive foreign heads of state and dignitaries, sign treaties, and award medals and honours to deserving citizens. They also review military parades and deliver unifying speeches on their country's National Day. However, unlike monarchs, they are not hereditary rulers and usually do not retain their presidential office for very long periods. Most nonexecutive presidents are elected indirectly, usually by the legislature. The nonexecutive president of the Republic of Ireland (Uachtaran na Eireann) is unusual in being elected by the people for a seven-year term that is renewable only once.
The
authority of nonexecutive presidents is almost always strictly limited by the
country's constitution. However, nonexecutive presidents usually have a range
of extraordinary, or emergency, powers that may be employed
at times of national crisis. The most significant of such powers is the right
to intervene in the nomination, appointment, and dismissal of prime ministers
who are unable to command a stable majority within the legislative assembly.
Nonexecutive presidents may also have the right to dissolve the legislature and
call fresh elections. Usually, this right is exercised when legislative
elections produce a "hung assembly," in which no clear majority
grouping is evident. Nonexecutive presidents have used this power regularly and
controversially in Pakistan since 1990, where the president has threatened to
assume an authority comparable to that of a dual executive.
In
some countries, such as the Republic of Ireland, the president guards the
constitution, calls the legislature into session, and signs laws passed by it.
The president may refuse to sign a law that appears to conflict with or
threaten the constitution and can refer it back to the supreme court for a
ruling.
The
nonexecutive president of Germany has unusually limited powers. The reasons
for this are historical. During the Weimar Republic (1918-1933), Germany had a
dual executive political system. The president, directly elected by the people
to a seven-year term, had great power. He worked with a chancellor
(prime minister), who needed the confidence of both the lower house of the
legislature and of the president. However, the electoral system, based on
almost pure proportional representation, promoted political instability (see
Proportional representation). From 1925, power shifted into the hands of the
conservative president von Hindenburg. In January 1933, he invited Adolf Hitler
to become chancellor. The eventual result of this act was the outbreak of
World War II (1939-1945).
In
reaction to this experience, the framers of the Constitution of the new
Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 deliberately set out to cut the president's
powers. The German president is now appointed, for a maximum of two five-year
terms, by a Federal Convention composed of the members of the directly elected
lower chamber of the federal legislature, the Bundestag, and an equal number
from Land (state) assemblies. In effect, the president of Germany is a
party and parliamentary nominee, a ceremonial figurehead with very few powers
of intervention. For the current president of Germany.
History
The
title president comes from the Latin words praeses and praseidens and
means "one who presides, rules, or directs". In classical Rome, the
titlepraeseswiis given to the governors of provinces. Later,
during the Middle Ages the titles praeses and praesidens were
given to royal officials to whom power was delegated within the provinces.
In
its modern meaning, the term president
dates from the late 1700's. The title was first used by heads of the councils
of the North American colonies, including New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and
South Carolina. Then, during the revolutionary struggle which occurred in America
between 1774 and 1789, the presiding officer of the Continental Congress was
called "President of the United States in Congress assembled". This
title was transferred to the head of the federal United States government when
the federated states' constitution was adopted in 1787. George Washington was
inaugurated as the first president of the United States in 1789. See United
States, History of the.
During
the 1800's, the United States' example of an elected executive president was
followed by newly emerging democratic republics, notably the newly
independent
South American countries. France and Switzerland both adopted a presidential
system. So did Liberia, a West African state founded as an independent republic
by liberated black slaves from the southern United States. An executive
presidential system was also created in the new Turkish Republic in 1923.
Since
World War II, the number of states with presidential systems of government has
increased greatly due to the formation of newly independent states in Africa,
Asia, and the Americas and the downfall of Communist regimes in eastern
Europe. Since 1991, Russia has had an executive president elected by the
people. Boris Yeltsin has had to contend with many challenges to his authority
by the Russian legislature, the Congress of People's Deputies, a survival of
former Communist days. Most postwar presidents are executive presidents.
Women
as presidents. The world's first woman president was Isabel Peron. She
succeeded her husband, )uan Domingo Peron, as president of Argentina on his
death in July 1974, but, within 20 months, she was deposed in a bloodless coup.
The first woman to be democratically elected as a presidential head of state was
Vigdis Finnbogadottir in Iceland in 1980.
Corazon
Aquino led the Philippines as president between 1986 and 1993, and Violeta
Barrios de Chamorro, became president of Nicaragua in 1992. All these women
served as limited executive presidents. Mary Robinson became the Republic of
Ireland's first woman president in 1990. She is a nonexecutive president. see
the Government and History : Election, President
of the United States, Monarchy, Veto, Parliament, White House
President
of the United States
President
of the United States is often considered the most powerful elected official in
the world. The president leads a country on great wealth and military strength.
The
constitution of the United States gives the president enormous power. However,
it is also limits that power. The authors of the constitution wanted a
strong leader as president, but they did
not want an all-powerful king. As a result, they divided the powers of
executive, legislative and judicial. The president, who is often called the
chief executive, heads the executive branch. Congress represents the
legislative branch. The Supreme Court of the United States and other federal courts make up the
judicial branch. Congress and the Supreme Court may prevent or end any
professional action that exceeds the limits of the president’s power. See election...
As
chief executive, the president makes sure that federal laws are enforced. As
commander in chief of the nation’s armed
forces, the president is responsible for national defence. Only the president
can decide to use nuclear weapons.
As
foreign policy director, the president determines United States relations with
other nations. As legislative leader, the president recommends laws and works
to win their passage. As head of a political party, the president helps mould
the party’s position on national and foreign issues. The president also tries
to inspire the people to work together to meet the country’s goals. Finally, as
chief of state, the president performs various ceremonial duties.
The
presidency. The constitution establishes only three qualifications for a
president. A president must (1) be at least 35 years old, (2) have lived in the
United States for 14 years, and (3) be a natural-born citizen.
The
president is elected to a four-year term. No more may be elected president more
than twice.
The
Constitution allows Congress to remove a president from office. The president
first must be impeached (changed with wrongdoing) by a majority vote of the
House of Representatives. Then, she Senate, with the chief justice of the
United States serving as presiding officer, tries the president. Removal from
office requires conviction by a two-thirds vote of the Senate.
Camp
David
Electoral
college
Hot
line
Impeachment
Political
parties
President
Primary
election
History
of United States
Veto
White-House.
White-House.
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